Today is November 28, 2023, and it is my 70th birthday. To celebrate this milestone event, my three daughters have arranged to take me to the magical land of Disneyland so that I can be a kid again.
I am looking forward to my return to Disneyland. I have not been to Disneyland since 2004 when the big event was the nighttime Mulan parade. My daughters, two of whom come to Disneyland every year, tell me that there are many changes to the park. That may be, but for me it is still A Small, Small World that I am most looking forward to seeing. And The Pirates of the Caribbean... and a return to Tomorrowland but perhaps with a more jaundiced eye.
"The year was 1954. Walt Disney had clear-cut 160 acres of orange and walnut trees in Anaheim, California, to construct a massive theme park. He'd planned the park around four anchoring "lands": Fantasyland would be centered on Sleeping Beauty's castle; Adventureland would replicate "the remote jungles of Asia and Africa"; Frontierland would put the visitor in a Davy Crockett cap and lead via covered wagons, pack mules, and a mine train through the wilderness; and Tomorrowland would look like ... actually Disney had no idea. What would the future look like? What could it look like? Disney was apparently stuck. What could he put in Tomorrowland?
"Disney consulted his animators, one of whom suggested he look to a recent issue of Collier's magazine about the possibility of space travel. On its cover, a rocket plane traverses the earthly horizon, leaving a bright red blaze behind it. In its pages, the nation's top physicists explain the current state of rocket science and insist that if the US doesn't embark on a formal program to attain "space superiority," the USSR will beat them to it. This eventually became the argument Senate Majority Leader {Lyndon} Johnson used after the launch of Sputnik to spur the creation of NASA and that President Kennedy used to insist that America be the first to reach the Moon. But out in Anaheim, the space race was doing ess politicizing than imagineering, building the popular infrastructue of America's God-given future in space.
"The chief contributor to this Collier's issue was Wernher von Braun, the former Nazi rocket engineer who was granted amnesty in 1945 in exchange for his scientific service to the US military. Von Braun's lead article was called "Crossing the Last Frontier," and it inspired everyone from Dwight Eisenhower to Star Trek's Gene Roddenberry to extend the metaphor (you don't have to be a Trekkie to shout back, "Space. The final frontier"). And even in von Braun's original formulation, the image of "the last frontier" was calibrated to hit with its fullest emotional, political, geographical, technological, and yes, religious force.
"In the short years following his immigration by means of the CIA's then-secret Operation Paper Clip, Wernher von Braun had become a fervent believer in the Pax-Americana. As he integrated his newfound US patriotism with his astrophysical aspirations, he became convinced it was America's duty to extend Western civilization not just across the globe but into outer space. And just as generations of European Americans had done, von Braun justified his imperialism by calling it a vehicle of freedom, democracy, and eternal salvation.
"If that last bit comes as surprise, it's because very few people tend to talk about von Braun's postwar conversion to evangelical Christianity. During his de-Nazification on American soil, the rocket scientist became "born again" in nearly every sense of the term, ultimately deciding it was incumbent on the US to spread the Gospel not just around the world but to "the heavens themselves."
"In other words, von Braun explicitly framed US space travel as a vertical extension of Manifest Destiny. Just as God had allegedly endorsed and even demanded the westward expansion in nineteenth century, God was calling European-descended Americans to the twentieth to conquer a new frontier -- a bigger frontier, even an infinite frontier -- in outer space.
"How did this former German citizen know so much about American Manifest Destiny? Unfortunately, this particular road passes through Adolf Hitler, who defended his plan to swallow Eastern Europe by comparing it to the US westward expansion. Hitler's notion of Lebensraum, or expanded "living space" for the burgeoning German people, was an updated German version of Manifest Destiny that had destroyed and displaced Indigenous America. In fact, as he invaded Russia, Hitler declared, "There's only one duty: to Germanize, this country by the immigration of Germans and to look upon the Natives as Redskins." In von Braun, then, a Christian American political doctrine was filtered through its Nazi German revival to produce a born-again American astrophysical dream of colonizing the cosmos, a dream powered by the V-2 rockets built by enslaved concentration camp workers to destroy mid-century London, Paris, and Antwerp. And it was these rockets that finally solved Walt Disney's Tomorrowland problem.
.....
"...,it was therefore Disney and von Braun who drummed up the popular support JFK needed to escalate the space race. By plugging into the sacred myth of the American frontier, Disney's park and films presented outer space not as the site of military rivalry, endless surveillance, nuclear escalation, or even improved telecommunications but as the extraordinary destiny of ordinary people. Folks like you and me, who will one day live with our movies and theme parks on Mars." (Astrotopia, pages 75-78.)
******
Happy Birthday to Me ... and Onward to Tomorrowland.
Peace,
Everett "Skip" Jenkins
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